The LNP-mRNA modality is a novel approach that uses lipid nanoparticles to deliver messenger RNA into cells. The mRNA acts as ...

Humoral immunity refers to antibody-mediated immune responses. Antibodies are produced by plasma cells and protect the host from infection in three main ways: by binding to pathogens to inhibit ...

There are two paths of the adaptive immune response: the humoral response that uses antibodies, and the cell-mediated response which uses cytotoxic T cells. Antibodies are small Y shaped proteins that ...

These can then provide a molecular-level explanation for an antibody’s binding mode. Finally, with the advent of rapid single B-cell sequencing technologies to analyze humoral immune responses towards ...

Endpoint detection and response (EDR) software is the best way to detect, investigate, and respond to advanced attacks. Endpoint detection and response software is a security solution that ...

IgM is also produced by B cells and, when bound to a pathogen, will spur other antibodies and immune cells into action. In addition to activating the immune response, a subset of IgM helps B cells ...

These anti-immune complex antibodies have not been studied in very much depth, especially in the context of HIV vaccination. Understanding these responses could lead to smarter vaccine designs and ...

When these proteins are on the surface of our own cells they do not usually initiate an immune response, as they are determined to be “self” antigens. If the proteins are foreign or “non-self” ...

Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, ...

Immaturity of the immune system contributes to poor vaccine responses in early life. Germinal center (GC) activation is limited due to poorly developed follicular dendritic cells (FDC), causing ...

At one-year post-vaccination, the heterologous prime boosters induced significantly higher IgG antibody levels generating a potent humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 compared to their ...