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1. **Buffer Overflow Point**: `char var2[12]` in `function1` is vulnerable to overflow. 2. **Return Address Overwrite**: Overwrite the saved return address with the address of `system()`. 3.

This file contains a sequence of null bytes (`\x00`) followed by the addresses of the `system()`, `exit()`, and shell functions. When read into memory, this data will overwrite the stack frame's ...