Shoulder dystocia is an infrequently encountered obstetric emergency varying in incidence from 0.15 to 0.60% of all deliveries. Previously identified risk factors include maternal obesity ...

Complications of GDM include maternal type 2 DM, maternal hypertension, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. GDM is managed with medical nutritional therapy (MNT), exercise ...

Shoulder dystocia occurs when an infant’s head has been delivered vaginally and the shoulder becomes stuck behind a woman’s pubic bone. This can lead to maternal and fetal complications. Maternal ...

Dystocia may occur with maternal or fetal causes. Maternal causes include primary uterine inertia, birth canal obstruction, ...

Options include termination of the pregnancy, or expectant management with close maternal monitoring. In the five-year retrospective study (2018-2023), researchers compared the outcomes of ...

1.07-1.42); and adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs), a composite outcome of maternal and neonatal complications (aRR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13). Food assistance given to 7.6% of those surveyed ...

Natural birth refers to vaginal delivery often with minimal or no medical intervention While a C-section is a surgical procedure in which the baby is delivered through an incision in the mother’s abdo ...