The loss of independence, failure of the Enlightenment, defeat of national uprisings, and nostalgia for the glory days of the Commonwealth – these all shaped the unique tone of Polish Romanticism.

Romanticism. Like punk, this late 18th century European arts and literature movement had a distinct foe: the enlightenment and its upholding of scientific rationalism and empirical truth.

Week 3: Rococo and neoclassic Beginning as an Enlightenment reaction to the style patronized ... neoclassic style to express their national aspirations. Week 5: The rise of romanticism We will look at ...