A pond is a complex aquatic ecosystem with living and non-living components ... Temperature & oxygen Nutrients and plants The pond food web Predators & prey – they key to fish management For ...

This includes all of the connections between producers and consumers in an ecosystem. The food web shows how interconnected all of the different organisms are.

Figure 1 shows a simplified food web in a desert ecosystem. In this food web ... that adding fish to a pond improves the reproductive success of a plant on land (Ricklefs 2008).

To better comprehend the ‘hidden’ influence of parasites in community and ecosystem ecology, we use two empirical host-parasite systems from freshwater habitats: trematode parasites in pond ...

play an indispensable role in ecosystem functioning, acting as primary producers, decomposers, and links in food webs. While the impacts of habitat fragmentation on large organisms like mammals ...