Shoulder dystocia is an infrequently encountered obstetric emergency varying in incidence from 0.15 to 0.60% of all deliveries. Previously identified risk factors include maternal obesity ...

Dystocia may occur with maternal or fetal causes. Maternal causes include primary uterine inertia, birth canal obstruction, ...

This article was reviewed by Rhonia Gordon, MD, who is a clinical assistant professor with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at NYU Langone. One rare but serious possible complication ...

including newborns with shoulder dystocia, subgaleal hemorrhage and NICU admission, data show. “The complications related to operative vaginal deliveries are higher in lower volume settings ...

Complications of GDM include maternal type 2 DM, maternal hypertension, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. GDM is managed with medical nutritional therapy (MNT), exercise ...

their larger size can increase the risk of certain complications during pregnancy and delivery." Fir such babies, macrosomia can lead to shoulder dystocia, where shoulders become stuck during ...