Step 3: A more sophisticated way is to ‘set up’ the modulation by placing the new key’s dominant (V chord) just before the change happens. The dominant chord in the key of C# major would be ...

Three of the most common digital modulation schemes you’ll see in specifications are Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), and LoRa (Long Range). To wrap my mechanically ...