Our guts are home to trillions of bacteria, and research over the last few decades has established how essential they are to our physiology – in health and disease.

The glycosylation of proteins to create glycoproteins is very common and has been linked to changes in cell adhesion, cell signaling, protein folding and receptor activation processes ...

Proteins directed towards the ER undergo homogenous glycosylation ... that need chaperons for folding. These glycoproteins have a pattern of carbohydrates attached to the nitrogen atom, similar ...

which serves to tag misfolded protein for degradation by a proteasome-mediated pathway. A similar dependence on mannosidase I activity was reported for the degradation of folding-defective ...